position (s): the location of an object/subject at a given moment in time
s: think of this as your location on a number line (shown as the red circle below)
displacement: the difference in location from one time to another
Δs: think of this as the difference between your first and second location on a number line
velocity: the change in position with respect to time; gives an object’s speed and direction of its motion
acceleration: the change in velocity with respect to time
vectors: a quantity having direction and magnitude; aids in determining the position of one point in relative space
For more information check out the Scalar vs. Vector page
If you want to see the derivation for how these equations came to be click here for the Physics HyperTextbook